which the “war on terrorism” has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II The WritePass Journal

which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II Introduction which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II IntroductionBIBLIOGRAPHY:Related Introduction The way in which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II. This essay argues that abandoning human rights in times of crisis is short-sighted and self-defeating. A â€Å"war on terrorism† waged without respect for the rule of law undermines the very values that it presumes to protect. A balance between liberty and security must therefore be restored by reasserting the human rights framework, which provides for legitimate and effective efforts to respond to terrorist attacks. The United States–led â€Å"war on terrorism† is premised on the notion that the events of September 11 should be seen as a wake-up call that the world has changed. The international community necessitates new tools and strategies, perhaps a new normative structure, to deal with these dire threats to the world’s security. In the absence of international agreement about the new tools, strategies, and norms, the â€Å"war on terrorism† is being waged on its own imperatives regardless of existing norms. The way in which this â€Å"war† was waged is itself a threat to human security. Since the September 11 attacks, the United States, with the support of many governments, has waged a â€Å"war on terrorism.†This â€Å"war† places the human rights gains of the last several decades and the international human rights framework at risk. Some methods used in detaining and interrogating suspects violate international human rights and humanitarian norms in the name of security.Throughout the world, governments have used the post–September 11 antiterrorism campaign to crack down on dissidents and to suppress human rights. Efforts to define terrorism are fraught with political consequence and disagreement. The controversy is often captured in the phrase â€Å"one person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter.† The Special Rapporteur notes that it is difficult to distinguish between internal armed conflict and terrorism. Should state-sponsored terrorism be included in this discussion? How about sub-state terrorism? Is there a difference between the terrorism of the past and the new threat of non-state-actor super-terrorism with the potential for catastrophic use of weapons of mass destruction? There is already some agreement about prohibiting certain acts the international community condemns as terrorist acts.The definition adopted in this essay is that attacks on the World Trade Centre, in London and Madrid constitute crimes against humanity in that they are, especially taken with other attacks by the same actors, part of a widespread or systematic attack on civilian populations. This view was expressed by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Another aspect of the problem of definition is that in many of the antiterrorism measures taken since September 11, 2001, governments have used vague and overbroad definitions of terrorism. Such definitions run the risk of sweeping peaceful, expressive activity into the definition of terrorism and can be the basis for repressive regimes attacking political opponents or other pre-textual uses of antiterrorism campaigns. Such antiterrorist laws violate the principle of legality and provide a basis for governments to label political opponents or human rights defenders as â€Å"terrorists.†In addition, it can subject them to exceptional security measures that would not be tolerated in other contexts. Below we look at how human rights has been a casualty on the war on terrorism. At the heart of the challenge to the human rights framework is the question of whether the â€Å"war on terrorism† is a â€Å"war,† and if so, what sort of a war it is. To date, one of the characteristics of the â€Å"war on terrorism† is a refusal to accept that any body of law applies to the way this â€Å"war† is waged. Central to the human rights framework is the idea that there are no â€Å"human rights free zones† in the world, and that human beings possess fundamental human rights by virtue of their humanity alone. In addition, there is no gap between human rights law and humanitarian law in which a â€Å"war on terrorism† may be waged, free from the constraints of international law. The essence of the rule of law requires that executive action be constrained by law. The refusal to accept that the rule of law governs the conduct of the â€Å"war on terrorism† has created tremendous uncertainty and has also led to the erosion of individual rights. For example, in April 2003 the United States took the position, in response to questions posed by the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions about the November 2002 killing of six men in Yemen by a missile shot from an unmanned drone, that this attack was against enemy combatants in a military operation and, thus, was beyond the competence of the Special Rapporteur and the UN Human Rights Commission. By defining the â€Å"war on terrorism† as a â€Å"war,† the United States and cooperating governments conveniently eliminate all of the protections of human rights law, even in circumstances in which international humanitarian law does apply. It is not clear why this precedent would not be applicable to any government seeking to target dissidents, national liberation movements, or anyone opposed to a regime as being a â€Å"terrorist† and an appropriate military threat in this global â€Å"war.† The concept of â€Å"terrorism† put forward is any act perceived as a threat by those waging the war against it. The battlefield is the entire planet, regardless of borders and sovereignty. The â€Å"war on terrorism† might continue in perpetuity, and it is unclear who is authorised to declare it over. Human rights protections simply do not exist when they conflict with the imperatives of the â€Å"war on terrorism.† One such case is that of Guantanamo. The continuing detention of more than 600 alleged â€Å"terrorists† at a military base in Guantanamo has become the most visible symbol of the threat to the human rights framework posed by the â€Å"war on terrorism.†The Guantanamo detainees essentially have been transported to a â€Å"human rights free zone† or â€Å"legal black hole,† where only visits by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) stands between them and the arbitrary, unreviewable exercise of executive power. The detainees are beyond the reach of any body of law and receive the treatment that their captors deem reasonable in the circumstances. The US states the detainees are to be treated consistent with the laws of war. Yet, they are denied hearings required by Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention before a â€Å"competent tribunal† to determine whether they are prisoners of war, as the ICRC presumptively believes them to be. In the eyes of their captors, they are conclusively determined to be â€Å"enemy combatants† or â€Å"enemy aliens,† who may be tried before military commissions and detained indefinitely regardless of whether they are convicted by those commissions. The Military Order authorizes the detention and trial of â€Å"terrorists† and uses a broad definition of â€Å"individuals subject to this order.†Thus, US authorities may take any person in the world they believe fits this broad definition and transport them to the â€Å"human rights free zone† in Guantanamo. There the US is not subject to judicial oversight by domestic or international authorities, and the detainees can be treated in any manner until they are tried, released, or held in these conditions indefinitely. The Military Order applies only to noncitizens, leading to a stark double standard between the treatment of US citizens accused of being involved in terrorist activity and noncitizens, who are not entitled to the panoply of rights accused US â€Å"terrorists† will receive. The idea that noncitizens are not entitled to international fair trial standards because they are unworthy â€Å"terrorists† is at odds with international antidiscrimination and fair trial norms as well as the presumption of innocence. Trials before the military commissions, established pursuant to the November 2001 order, will not comply with essential international fair trial safeguards or guarantees of an independent judiciary. Indeed, the proceedings appear to be no different from military tribunals the international community has criticized in many other settings as a violation of international human rights standards. The availability of the death penalty in these military commissions undermines the human rights goal of eventual abolition of the death penalty; especially in light of the important strides the international community has made toward abolition of the death penalty in the Rome Statute and elsewhere, for even the most egregious crimes. These commissions also inhibit international cooperation to combat terrorism given the strong views of many states that abolition of the death penalty is a fundamental human rights issue. There is more to say about the conditions of confinement in Guantanamo Bay (cramped cells, lack of exercise, torture), especially after recent revelations about the widespread abuse of prisoners in Iraq and elsewhere. The central challenge it presents to the human rights framework is that the detainees are left without the protection of law or judicial or international oversight. Although the ICRC is allowed to visit the detainees, the United States does not agree that the detainees are prisoners of war or even entitled to the full protections of international humanitarian or human rights law. The United States has labeled the detainees as â€Å"enemy combatants,† but this label cannot avoid the requirement of a determination of every detainee’s status by a â€Å"competent tribunal.† Humanitarian law requires that such determinations be made by tribunals and under procedures that guarantee fair treatment, protect vulnerable detainees, and restrain the detaining p ower. Instead, the detainees, like the six men killed in Yemen, are subject only to the discretion of an unrestrained executive authority. Fundamental human rights norms require that detentions be subject to judicial oversight. As the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stated in December 2002, if prisoner of war status is not recognized by a competent tribunal,[T]he situation of detainees would be governed by the relevant provisions of the [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights] and in particular by articles 9 and 14 thereof, the first of which guarantees that the lawfulness of a detention shall be reviewed by a competent court, and the second of which guarantees the right to a fair trial. The United States has rejected the UN’s position and every other form of international oversight of these detentions. As a result, the identity of the detainees are secret, and there is no international or domestic oversight of the detentions. There is no way of ascertaining whether there is any basis for the continued detention of particular detainees, which includes children as young as thirteen. Over time, a number of detainees have been released, and so far the released detainees have not been charged with any criminal offense. Thus, raising substantial questions about the grounds for their detention in the first place and even more concern about the length of the detentions. Despite assurances by United States officials, there are examples of mistakes coming to light. One such discrepancy concerns refugee law and discrimination. Almost all of the detainees have been held on minor immigration law violations, which ordinarily would not warrant detention or deportation. One commentator reports that only three of the estimated 5,000 noncitizens detained by these efforts have been charged with any offense remotely related to terrorism, indicating the ineffectiveness of such strategies. These transgressions on immigrant communities are just a part of the â€Å"collateral damage† of the â€Å"war on terrorism.† International norms clearly prohibit discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, nationality, or religion. There is a growing recognition of the harms caused by discrimination in the social fabric of our communities. By targeting immigrant communities, the government fosters the discrimination and exclusion that human rights law has struggled so hard to eradicate, making it all the more difficult to engender understanding and cooperation between communities in the fight against terrorism. Below we evaluate the significance of a human rights framework response to terrorism. For the most part, the international community has responded to the events of September 11 and their aftermath with an insistence that the response to terrorism must unfold within basic standards of human rights and international law. For example, the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 1456 (2003) insisted that any measure taken to combat terrorism must comply with international law obligations, â€Å"in particular international human rights law, refugee, and humanitarian law.† The question remains whether these norms will actually govern the conduct of states and what the international community will do if they do not. The detainees in Guantanamo are in a â€Å"human rights free zone† with the active cooperation of many governments and the absence of an adequate response by the international community as a whole. Even if one contends that the detainees are not covered by international humanitarian law, the international human rights framework still requires they be tried for a recognizable criminal offense and be granted the internationally recognized guarantees of a fair trial. The United States had no difficulty complying with these requirements in response to the first World Trade Center bombing, showing it is possible for governments to create special procedures for handling classified or sensitive evidence in such trials in accordance with their legal systems. Many countries have experience trying alleged terrorists in ordinary courts under procedures that comply, or at least arguably comply, with international standards. There can be increased cooperation at every level of government within a human rights framework. Many human rights standards, beginning with Article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, explicitly recognize limitations based on the requirements of public order or security. There is a substantial body of international, regional, and domestic jurisprudence in balancing liberty and security in a wide variety of specific contexts. These standards should be respected and enforced, not ignored. International human rights law also explicitly recognizes that there may be emergencies that justify suspension of some internatio nal human rights. If deemed prisoners of war then there is a well-defined regime of humanitarian law under which the detainees must be treated. In conclusion this essay addressed one aspect of the ongoing debate about terrorism and human rights. While urging adherence to existing human rights and humanitarian standards in the fight against terrorism and raising the alarm about how the â€Å"war on terrorism† is being waged, one should not ignore the challenges posed by transnational networks of persons willing to engage in acts of mass destruction. There are opportunities for cooperative, multilateral approaches to this challenge: Expanding the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to cover a broader range of attacks on civilians would be a positive development and one fully consistent with the rule of law. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Amnesty International, Rights at Risk: Amnesty International’s Concern Regarding Security and Law enforcement Measures (2002), ACT 30/001/2001 available at www.amnestyusa.org/waronterror/rightsatrisk.pdf. Amnesty International, United States of America: Memorandum to the US Government on the Rights of People in US Custody in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay (2002), AMR 51/053/2002, available at web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510532002. Amnesty International, United States of America: Restoring the Rule of Law. The Right of Guantanamo Detainees to Judicial Review of the Lawfulness of Their Detention (2004)AMR 51/0931/2004, available at web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510932004?openof=ENG-USA. Chinlund,   C. Who Should Wear the â€Å"Terrorist† Label?, Boston Globe , 8 Sept. 2003, at A15, available at www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/ Civil and Political Rights, Including the Question of Torture and Detention: Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Louis Joinet Chairperson-Rapporteur, Executive Summary, U.N. ESCOR, Comm’n on Hum. Rts., 59th Sess., Agenda Item 11(a), U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/8 (2002), available at www.hri.ca/fortherecord2003/documentation/commission/e-cn4-2003-8.htm. Cole, D. (2003) Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism at 188. European Parliament Resolution on EU Judicial Co-operation with the United States in combating terrorism, B5-0813/2001 (11 Dec. 2001), available at www.epp-ed.org/Activities/doc/b5-813en.doc Fitzpatrick, J. (1994) The International System for Protecting Rights during States of Emergency. Procedural Aspects of International Law Series: V. 19) 1994, p. 70-71. Fitzpatrick, J. (2002) Sovereignty, Territoriality, and the Rule of Law, 25 Hastings International Comparative Law Review at 303 Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva III), 1949 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S. Ct. 2633 (2004). Human Rights First, Ending Secret Detentions (2004)available at www.humanrightsfirst.org/us_law/PDF/EndingSecretDetentions_web.pdf. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch Briefing Paer on U.S. Military Commissions (2003), available at www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/military-commissions.pdf. Jakob Kellenberger speech on 17 March 2004   to the UN Commission on Human Rights during the 60th Annual Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights- Statement by the President of the ICRC (17 Mar. 2004), available at www.icrc.org/Web/ Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5X6MY5?OpenDocumentstyle=custo_print. Kalliopi, K.K, U.M. Special Rapporteur.   Preliminary Report: Terrorism and Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/27 (1999), available at www.un.org/documents/ ecosoc/cn4/sub2/e-cn4sub2_99_27.pdf.at 8–21. Military Order, of November 13, 2001- Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terror, at Section 2. Press Release, The White House, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation (11 Sept. 2001), available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. Robinson, P,   The Missing Crimes, in The Rome Statute for an International Criminal Court pp 510 – 521. (Antonio Cassese et al. eds., 2002). S.C. Res. 1456, U.N. SCOR, 58th Sess., 4688th mtg., para 6, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1456 (2003), available at www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/S.RES.1456+(2003).En?Opendocument. The Queen on the Application of Abbasi and Another v. Sec’y of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, EWCA Civ 1598, para 64 (U.K.) Sup. Ct. Judicature, (C.A.) (6 Nov, 2002), available at www.courtservice.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j1354/abassi_judgment.htm. United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2003).

A letter in favor of your proposed changes to Magarena Assignment

A letter in favor of your proposed changes to Magarena - Assignment Example The ubeefx project development team had a few objectives that aimed at during their development strategies. Giving the game an outstanding user interface, was one such objective that development team had. In addition, attaining an overall stability of the entire program was another key goal of the development team. However, it is quite true to say that some of these goals by the development team were attained, while the many others were far much behind from being attained. This is evidenced from the many feedbacks received from the fantasy game users. â€Å"Magarena† basically entails playing a duel against the computer. In order for one to efficiently play the game, there are quite a number of requirements that are ought to be met. First, it is worth noting that the games can be run on most computers but not all computers. The minimum specific requirements that should be met in order to effectively initiate the game are; a minimum screen resolution of 1024*768 and java run time 6. In addition to this, running the game into one’s computer is quite an uphill task. This made the game to be termed by many as user unfriendly. The quality of the current interface is also below the bench mark standards. The program also lacks many additional features such as multiplayer and online play. Compared to the many modern games, this is far much below the benchmarked standards. The incorporated artificial intelligence in the program cannot be said to be below the acceptable standards. This is because of the numerous inconsistencies seen in the entire program. The artificial intelligence, being a key feature in the game needs to be upgraded at all costs so as to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the of the program. From the numerous loopholes seen the game, it is evident that a lot needs to be done in the development of â€Å"Magarena†. The entire development team needs to instill some

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper Term - 1

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts - Term Paper Example (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Similarly, it has become possible for organizations to manage a clientele from all parts of the world since no matter how far they are, they are always just a click away. This technological revolution, however, along with all its marvels, brings numerous challenges for the organizations as well, which need to be handled proactively. One such challenge is that of delegating an effective and efficient organizational behavior uniformly throughout the organization. (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Organizational behavior basically encompasses everything pertaining to human interaction and their relationships in any particular organizational setting. (Kinicki, & Kreitner, 2006). It includes intra-organizational interaction (i.e. among employees of all levels), inter-organizational interactions (i.e. with partners, competitors, distributors, suppliers, etc.) as well as extra-organizational interaction (i.e. interaction with customers). (Hellriegel, & Slocum, 2007). It de als with the culture that prevails within the organization, the relationships the employee share with each other as well as with various stakeholders and the image a company exuberates as a whole. (Kinicki, & Kreitner, 2006). ... (Keyton, 2010). It is a set of norms and principles pertaining to the behavior of the employees and their interaction with each other as well as the stakeholders. (Schein, 2004). It is the general environment of the organization that stems from the various values and attitudes defined by the organization. The organizational culture may be weak or strong. A strong culture inculcates an environment of unity and mutual trust. Employees tend to align themselves with the organizational values and rules and adhere to them strongly. (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Organizational commitment is higher, employees take ownership of what they do and there is higher employee motivation and loyalty. (Keyton, 2010). In order to induce a strong organizational culture, the organizational values should be clearly defined and should be uniformly followed across the board. The consequences should be similar for all and the compensation should be equitable. (Hellriegel, & Slocum, 2007). Source: (New Horizons, 2009). http://www.nhorizons.ca/en-change-culture-change.asp Ideally, the values should be properly listed down. Moreover, the employees should be reminded of them in a polite and interesting manner every now and then. Various team building exercises and sessions may help strengthen the culture. (Schein, 2004). However, one drawback of a strong culture may be the presence of Groupthink, that is, when everybody tends to follow or agree with what one member of the group does or says in order to avoid mental effort as well as conflicts. (Keyton, 2010). This can be avoided, though, through encouraging the employees to voice their opinions and concerns on an individual basis instead in the form of a group. (Schein, 2004). Organizational

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Economic Impacts of Climate Change in the Mountain Regions: Water as a source of peace and economic development Abstract When we think of the mountains we usually think of the mountains themselves and not the impact they make on the area below them. The purpose of this research is to review impacts of climate change at a global scale on the mountains and the mountains’ water supply. This paper also reviews major environmental/ecological, social, and economic issues facing us. Tourism industry will suffer because of it. The study concludes that climate change will bring in instability on global scale with possible water conflicts and decreasing economic developments especially in developing countries. This will bring increased people migration into the areas not much effected by water supply issues and will increase social and political instability in those areas. Keywords:relative water yield (RWY), â€Å"water towers†, â€Å"river piracy† Introduction It is estimated that out of 7.382 billion people in the world today (U.S. Census, 2017), about 11% of the world’s population live in the mountain regions (Kohler et al, 2014). The mountains provide water for billions of people. The mountains are â€Å"water towers† of the world. They cover 25% of the world’s land surface and more than 50% the world’s population depends on water that originates in the mountains (Viviroli et all, 2006). By comparison in 2015 we used less than 1% of fresh water. That water is made in more than 18,000 desalination plants. The water desalination production increased by 67% from 2008 (Thomas Sumner et all, 2016). The water from mountains is used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation, hydropower, transportation, tourism purposes and many other industries. Climate change in the mountains is bringing in an unpredictable winters. Winters with minimal snow or snow coverage which lasts for only a short time are the winters of today (J. Dawson et all, 2009). Climate change in the mountains will bring increased hazards and casualties, such as: fires, floods, avalanches, landslides, desertification, and mountain erosion. It will change the rainfall and monsoon patterns which will bring devastation and economic uncertainty to many regions. Climate change will increase people’s migration and will bring diseases not known in the area. The possibility of conflicts and even war might also increase. Water as a source of peace and economic development Mountains as water source around the world Climate change might have devastated outcome especially for semi-arid and arid areas which will be affected by less water coming from the mountains. The mountains help to distribute up 95% of water to these areas. In humid areas mountains’ distribution of water is up to 60%. (Swiss Agency et all, 1998). Figure 1 below shows mountain water run off around the world. Figure 1: Disproportionality of mountain runoff formation relative to average lowland runoff (RWY), mapped cell by cell for mountainous areas. Disproportionality in favor of runoff is given when RWY is greater than 1, its importance being marked for RWY > 2 and essential for RWY > 5 (Viviroli et al, 2007). As can be seen in Figure 1, the most important water mountain sources are regions in the Middle East, South and central Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and the Andes. In the Figure 1, we can see that relative water runoff is very important for the lower areas in the areas of where RWY is higher than 1 2 and essential for RWY > 5 (Viviroli et al, 2007). As can be seen in Figure 1, the most important water mountain sources are regions in the Middle East, South and central Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and the Andes. In the Figure 1, we can see that relative water runoff is very important for the lower areas in the areas of where RWY is higher than 1

Characteristics of each of the 5 kingdoms and their meanings Essay

Every living creature on Earth belongs to a kingdom. Scientists debate how many kingdoms there are, but most agree there are five. Here is how the five kingdoms are organized. Monera Monera are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus. Bacteria make up the entire kingdom. There are more forms of bacteria than any other organism on Earth. Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as the ones found in yogurt. Others can cause us to get sick. Protists Protists are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus. They usually live in water. Some protists move around, while others stay in one place. Examples of protists include some algae, paramecium, and amoeba. Fungi Fungi are usually motionless organisms that absorb nutrients for survival. They include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Plants Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from sunlight into food. Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place. Plants are divided into two groups: flower- and fruit-producing plants and those that don’t produce flowers or fruits. They include garden flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses, and conifers. Animals Animals are the most complex organisms on Earth. Animals are multi-celled organisms, eat food for survival, and have nervous systems. They are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates and include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish. Actually, there are now six kingdoms. The five kingdom was during the 1969 and it included all the bacterias within one group. The five kingdom system is as follows: 1. Monera: Bacteria. They are prokaryotic and unicellular. They are mobile. 2. protista: Protists. They are eukaryotic. Either autotrophic, heterotrophic, or even mixotrophic. They live live as unicellular, multicellular, or even as a colony. Some are mobile while some are sessile. 3. animalia: Animals. Eukaryotic and are heterotrophic. They are all multicellular and are mobile. 4. plantae: Plants. Eukaryotic and mostly autotrophic (some parasitic plants are heterotrophic). They are multicellular and sessile. 5. fungi: Mushrooms, fungus, etc. Eukaryotic and heterotrophic. They are multicellular and sessile

An explanation of the history of the corrections system and varying approaches to corrections by era Essay

An explanation of the history of the corrections system and varying approaches to corrections by era Introduction                   Incarceration is a type of punishing criminal that became prevalent in the USA prior to the Revolution, although corrective imprisonment efforts started in England as early as 1500s, a number of detention facilities and dungeons as forms of prisons were in existence ever since that time. Efforts done in building prisons in was in 3 major ways (Ayers, 1984). The first starting in the period of the Jackson Ian Era that became prevalent in rehabilitative and imprisonment labor as the main punishment for many crimes in virtually all places by Civil War time. Subsequently there was incarceration following the Civil War gaining drive in the Liberal Period, getting some tools—like bail, trial, and unstipulated penalizing—in the conventional of corrective practice (Ekirch, 1987). Lastly, subsequently after the early 1970s, the USA has been involved in a historical exceptional development of its incarceration organizations at level of state and federal. In the meantime in 1973, the imprisoned persons rose in a five-fold, and in any given year 7, 000,000 individuals are under control and supervision of correction. In these times of reforming and constructing prison great alterations in the prison responsibilities, missions and structure systems of state and federal agencies for supervising and administering them, in addition to the political and legal status of prisoners themselves (Christianson, 1998). Prison is among one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit criminal offences. Imprisonment today is the harshest sanction available (Alexander, 2012). In the 1600s and 1700s                   Approval of criminal behavior tends to be proceedings of public aimed at humiliating the person and avoiding others from the wrongdoing; these are inclusive of the branding, stooping stool, whipping, scorning, and the stocks (Christianson, 1998). At that time the sentence for most wrongdoings was death. Prison inclined to being a habitation where individuals were held up as they waited for their punishment and prior to their trial (Ekirch, 1987). It was hardly utilized in punishing in its way. Everyone inclusive of boys, girls, men and women were locked together in prisons (Christianson, 1998). This period prisons were poorly kept and frequently managed by careless prison warders. People died from diseases like gal fever that is a form of typhus. In this Era, a prototype correction building was build – the London Bride well. Correction houses were at first part of the Poor Law machinery, anticipated to impart industry habits by prison labor (Alexander, 2012). Many individuals locked in them were minor offenders, tramps and the unsystematic indigenous unfortunate people. Towards the end of 17th century, they were captivated into the system of prisons by local Justices of the Peace control. Question Number 2                   Description of the participants of the corrections system and their roles Correctional officer (CO):                   He assists in controlling, directing and monitoring the movements and activities of inmates (Ayers, 1984). He makes sure prison rules are followed, ensuring the safety and security of inmates, staff, visitors and the community (Alexander, 2012). As a visitor you will frequently come in contact with Correctional Officer. Correctional Sergeant                   Correctional sergeants supervise Correctional officers and perform custody work, which involves providing safety and security as well as controlling, directing and monitoring the activities and movement of adult inmates (Ekirch, 1987). Correctional Sergeants have a variety of duties depending upon where they are assigned (Alexander, 2012). Each facility has a public Access or visit Sergeant who generally can resolve issues relating to the visiting process. Correctional Lieutenant                   A correctional lieutenant is responsible for security operations during his her shift and supervises Correctional Sergeants (Christianson, 1998). This position manages any response to emergency situations that may arise. Correctional Captain                   This is the senior custody staff member responsible for facility-wide custody and security operations and supervision of Lieutenants (Ayers, 1984). Community Corrections Officer (CCO), Classification Counselor (CC)                   Each inmate has an assigned CCO or CC, depending on the facility in which they reside or the county in which they are supervised (Ekirch, 1987).. Counselors handle day-to-day issues or concerns of inmates in a housing unit. Counselors are responsible for classification and case management (education and work programs) and release preparation. CCOs are in the community offices, pre-release and work release facilities, providing a similar service to inmates who are on community supervision. Correctional Unit Supervisor (CUS)                   A CUS is responsible for the management of a housing unit, including the supervision of CCs or CCOs, and custody staff (Sergeants and Cos) (Alexander, 2012). Question Number 3   Impediments and issues faced by corrections admins when running a prison                   According to Alexander (2012), present prison populations being a mixture of short term and long term and â€Å"lifers†, definite and indefinite sentenced inmates, the sick the healthy, the young, the old. Rehabilitation and a better way of life are some of the reasoning behind such programs though the necessity of some of these programs is under scrutiny (Christianson, 1998). Politicians and tax payers frown upon such programs as conjugal visitation, some feeling that the programs are too risky and sometimes too expensive (Christianson, 1998). At the extreme this programs are looked upon as a luxury and lessen the punishment effect of incarceration. Management control of facilities is another problem (Ayers, 1984). The thought of contracting communicable diseases and being abused by violent inmates threatens staff and the general population. One solution is to remove predatory and other dangerous offenders from the population (Ekirch, 1987). HIV-Positive inmates, serial killers, violent sex offenders being some. Many have proposed isolation of problem offenders. It is a scary concept that an innocent person convicted of a crime to have contracted Aids while being incarcerated (Alexander, 2012). Even scarier to perceive is if the inmate contracted the disease as a result of rape (Blackmon, 2008). The rates of HIV and AIDS in prisons are estimated at five times higher than within the general population. This fact has been attributed to a higher number of inmates sharing of needles and also of inmates that participate in unprotected sex in prisons (Alexander, 2012). As of 1996, there were 25,000 inmates with HIV and by then only 16 states tested all inmates entering prison. The dilemma facing corrections is whether they should be segregated from the population to stop the spread of disease. The quality of life of seropositive inmates is greatly affected by administrative decisions on screening and detection, housing programs, access to quality medical treatment, mental health support, and funding. Management of HIV is very complicated (Ekirch, 1987). One must take multiple medications on varying schedules, custody and health staff must develop a supportive medication administrative system (Ayers, 1984). HIV-Positive need proper treatment and may require a higher level care that may not be available at all areas of institutions. Patients with HIV infection may require isolation if they have pulmonary tuberculosis. Obviously there is need for segregation. There is the ethical issue of whether it is right to segregate all HIV-positive inmates from the general population. Activities are important to the daily lives of all inmates (Ayers, 1984). Aids patients are no different. Decisions on housing HIV-Positive inmates should be based on what is appropriate for their age, gender, custody class, not just for the fact that they are seropositive. Not all HIV-Positive inmates are a danger to other inmates (Blackmon, 2008). The type of offence, length of time sentenced general behavior, and expert report gathered at the classification stage will be a better indication of whether they will pose a danger to the prison system. Besides communicable diseases, criminal recidivists pose an enormous social problem to society Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). A lethal predator such as serial killers and violent sex offenders pose a particular problem not just in the free world but inside prison cells. Most profilers say serial killers do not learn from mistakes in their previous killings. They feel no guilt, no remorse and have an attitude of total disdain towards their victims. There’s a self-importance that runs in all of them and must demonstrate mental abnormality, usually a combination of sexual sadism and psychopathy (Blackmon, 2008). Conjugal visitation is not available to most married and unmarried inmates in U.S. prisons it is allowed only in six states, California, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York and Washington (Christianson, 1998). Viewed as an unnecessary prisoner privilege in some jurisdictions, many members of the general public such as lawmakers frown upon such issue. The thought of inmates enjoying themselves while serving a punitive prison sentence is largely unacceptable to innocent, American citizens who fall prey to criminal acts. Many view visitations as improving prison environment by giving inmates something to look forward to and an incentive to participate in rehabilitative programs, and a mechanism with which to cope with prison life (Christianson, 1998). Reflecting on the prison population and some of the issues for the future of corrections, employees will have to become better versed in supervising and caring for the very dangerous, the average, the very young, the very old, the mentally ill and the infirm (Blackmon, 2008). Question Number 4                   A complete description of the rights of prisoners and the Administration of required services by prison officials: In accordance to Alexander, Michelle (2012), these rights were embraced by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of crimes and the treatment of offenders held at Geneva in 1995, Part I of the rules covers the general management of institutions and is applicable to all categories of prisoners, criminal or civil, untried or convicted, Basic principle There shall be no discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status (Christianson, 1998). On the other hand, it is necessary to respect the religious beliefs and moral precepts of the group to which a prisoner belongs. Register According to Ayers, Edward L. (1984), In every place where persons are imprisoned there shall be kept a bound registration book with numbered pages in which shall be entered in respect of each prisoner received: Information concerning his identity The reasons for his commitment and the authority therefor; The day and hour of his admission and release No person shall be received in an institution without a valid commitment order of which the details shall have been previously entered in the register is in accordance to Bookspan, Shelley (1991). . Separation of categories 8. The different categories of prisoners shall be kept in separate institutions or parts of institutions taking account of their sex, age, criminal record, the legal reason for their detention and the necessities of their treatment in accordance to Ekirch, A. Roger (1987).. Thus, Men and women shall so far as possible be detained in separate institutions; in an institution which receives both men and women the whole of the premises                   allocated to women shall be entirely separate; Untried prisoners shall be kept separate from convicted prisoners; Persons imprisoned for debt and other civil prisoners shall be kept separate from persons imprisoned by reason of a criminal offence Hirsch, Adam J. (1992); Young prisoners shall be kept separate from adults. Accommodation                   9. (1) where sleeping accommodation is in individual cells or rooms, each prisoner shall occupy by night a cell or room by himself (Christianson, 1998). If for some reasons, such as temporary overcrowding, it becomes necessary for the central prison administration to make an exception to this rule, it is not desirable to have two prisoners in a cell or room (Blackmon, 2008). (2) Where dormitories are used, they shall be occupied by prisoners carefully selected as being suitable to associate with one another in those conditions (Christianson, 1998). There shall be regular supervision by night, in keeping with the nature of the institution. 10. All accommodation provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodation shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation (Ayers, 1984). 11. Every place the prisoners are needed to work or live. (a) The windows shall be large enough to enable the prisoners to read or work by natural light, and shall be so constructed that they can allow the entrance of fresh air whether or not there is artificial ventilation (Alexander, 2012). (b) Artificial light shall be delivered adequately for the prisoners to read or work without injury to vision. 12. The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner (Christianson, 1998). 13. Adequate bathing and shower installations shall be provided so that every prisoner may be enabled and required to have a bath or shower, at a temperature suitable to the climate, as frequently as necessary for general hygiene according to season and geographical region, but at least once a week in a temperate climate (Ekirch, 1987). 14. All parts of an institution regularly used by prisoners shall be properly maintained and kept scrupulously clean at all times (Alexander, 2012). Personal hygiene                   15. Prisoners shall be required to keep their persons clean, and to this end they shall be provided with water and with such toilet articles as are necessary for health and cleanliness (Ayers, 1984). 16. In order that prisoners may maintain a good appearance compatible with their self-respect, facilities shall be provided for the proper care of the hair and beard, and men shall be enabled to shave regularly (Alexander, 2012). Clothing and bedding                   17. (1) Every prisoner who is not allowed to wear his own clothing shall be provided with an outfit of clothing suitable for the climate and adequate to keep him in good health (Ayers, 1984). Such clothing shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating. (2) All clothing shall be clean and kept in proper condition (Christianson, 1998).. Underclothing shall be changed and washed as often as necessary for the maintenance of hygiene. (3) In exceptional circumstances, whenever a prisoner is removed outside the institution for an authorized purpose, he shall be allowed to wear his own clothing or other inconspicuous clothing (Blackmon, 2008). 18. If prisoners are allowed to wear their own clothing, arrangements shall be made on their admission to the institution to ensure that it shall be clean and fit for use (Ayers, 1984). 19. Every prisoner shall, in accordance with local or national standards, be provided with a separate bed, and with separate and sufficient bedding which shall be clean when issued, kept in good order and changed often enough to ensure its cleanliness (Christianson, 1998). Food                   20. (1) Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served (Ekirch, 1987). (2) Drinking water shall be available to every prisoner whenever he needs it. Exercise and sport                   21. (1) Every prisoner who is not employed in outdoor work shall have at least one hour of suitable exercise in the open air daily if the weather permits (Ekirch, 1987). (2) Young prisoners, and others of suitable age and physique, shall receive physical and recreational training during the period of exercise (Alexander, 2012). To this end space, installations and equipment should be provided. Medical services                   22. (1) At every institution there shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical officer who should have some knowledge of psychiatry(Alexander, 2012). The medical services should be organized in close relationship to the general health administration of the community or nation. They shall include a psychiatric service for the diagnosis and, in proper cases, the treatment of states of mental abnormality. (2) Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals (Ayers, 1984). Where hospital facilities are provided in an institution, their equipment, furnishings and pharmaceutical supplies shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners, and there shall be a staff of suitable trained officers. (3) The services of a qualified dental officer shall be available to every prisoner. 23. (1) In women’s institutions there shall be special accommodation for all necessary pre-natal and post-natal care and treatment. Arrangements shall be made wherever practicable for children to be born in a hospital outside the institution (Ekirch, 1987). If a child is born in prison, this fact shall not be mentioned in the birth certificate. Due to limitation of pages I shall summarize the rest as medical care shall be adequately provided to prisoners, discipline and order shall be maintained with firmness so as to have safe custody and a well and orderly life (Alexander, 2012)†¦ No prisoner shall be punished unless he has been informed of the offence alleged against him and given a proper opportunity of presenting his defense (Christianson, 1998). The medical officer shall visit daily and advice director if he considers the termination or alteration of the punishment necessary. Question Number 5                   A detailed description of alternative forms of corrections, including methods of rehabilitation and reintroduction to society. Prison abolition movement attempts to eliminate prisons and the prison system (Christianson, 1998). Prison abolitionists see the prisons as an ineffective way to decrease crime and reform criminals, and that the modern criminal justice system to be racist, sexist, classist (Ayers, 1984). One of the arguments made for prison abolition is that the majority of people accused of crime cannot afford to pay a lawyer. Ways of eliminating incarceration could include: Decriminalization Abolishing the system of bail Establishing community based dispute and mediation centers Restitution ie creating community mechanisms for assuring payment or services by wrong doers to the wronged Fines Suspended sentences Community probation programs Alternative sentencing Decriminalization                   Process of decriminalization means to wipe certain laws off the books. Crimes considered for decriminalization are those that are victimless (Christianson, 1998). This is defined as offences that do not result in someone feeling that s/he has been injured in a way of impelling him/her to bring the offence to the attention of the authorities (Ekirch, 1987). The essential factor is that there is no victim to bring complaint, three statutes emerge within this definition: moral statutes, illness statutes, nuisance statutes. Victimless crimes maybe irritating, annoying, or troublesome in general, but they are not really injurious to anyone in particular, they are â€Å"crimes† because the law says they are â€Å"crimes† (Christianson, 1998). Among those usually sighted are non-commercial gambling, prostitution, â€Å"deviant† sexual acts in private between consenting adult, public intoxication, possession, sale and distribution of illegal drugs, â€Å"blue laws† against doing business on Sundays, loitering, disorderly conduct and vagrancy, truancy, incorrigible, stubborn or ungovernable behavior Abolitionists advocate drastically limiting the role of criminal law (Ayers, 1984). It is realized that criminal sanctions are not an effective way of dealing with social problem. There is unjust and arbitrary law enforcement. Powerless persons are imprisoned while powerful persons go free (Ayers, 1984). Blacks and poor people bear the brunt of unequal law enforcement. Morality cannot be coerced through law. A democratic society should tolerate a wide range of individual differences (Alexander, 2012). A person’s right to do what s/he wishes should be respected as long as s/he does not infringe upon the right of others. Over criminalization encourages the wide use of discretionary power in law enforcement, because there is no complainant, police resort to questionable means of enforcement, investigative techniques used to gather evidence are often immoral and sometimes illegal (Ekirch, 1987). These include entrapment, use of informers, wiretapping, and infringement of constitutional rights such as illegal search and seizure, invasion of right of privacy and self-incrimination (Ayers, 1984). Enforcement of victimless crimes also encourages corruption. Graft and pay-offs are frequently made by neighborhood numbers rackets and places of prostitution (Blackmon, 2008). Crime syndicates manage to soak up much money flowing through illicit â€Å"industries† such as gambling and drugs. Prostitutes are arrested mostly the ones who are black, while most of their victims are white aged between 30 and 60 years thus there is selective enforcement                   Abolition of bail                   All persons are innocent of crime until proven guilty. No one may be deprived of liberty without the due process of law (Christianson, 1998). The mechanism developed by British society for this purpose was bail. De Tocqueville clearly saw that the bail system is inherently discriminatory against the poor (Ekirch, 1987). By placing a price tag on the right to freedom before trial beyond the reach of indigent, it makes a mockery of the presumption of innocence and provides the underpinning for the use of the criminal (in) justice systems by the powerful to control the powerless. Bail has been shown to be unnecessary to accomplish its stated objective of return to court (Ayers, 1984). The costs are paid in three coins: in human suffering by the poor who are its hostages; in money by the taxpaying middle class; and in the erosion of civil liberties arising from the system’s hidden abuses. In accordance to Hirsch, Adam J. (1992), the beneficiaries are: professional criminals, for whom ransom is a â€Å"business expense†; the wealthy, who are protected by a custody system paid for mainly by the taxes of the middle class as an instrument of social control against the poor and dissident; and bonds people, who make their living from the bail system and are pledged to serve that system. Despite proof that the system of bail is unnecessary to assure court appearances, the holding of hostages continues (Blackmon, 2008). The cost of their incarceration both in economic and human terms is staggering (Ekirch, 1987). Half or more of accused persons are detained in jail pending trial. On a single day, if the system of bail were abolished, upwards of 50,000 pretrial detainees could be released from jail and thousands in the arrest and arraignment stage would avoid the cage entirely. Bail has been used as an instrument of preventive detention and as a constitutionally guaranteed avenue of pretrial release (Alexander, 2012). There are thus prejudices too much room in the bail system and no defense against, the administration of justice by personal from which no one, including the judge is free. The abolition of bail would expose this hidden agenda and force the development of open and fair rules and judicial accountability. Community dispute and mediation centers                   Mediation centers present a unique opportunity for grass roots involvement in the process of justice and excarceration (Blackmon, 2008). Abolitionists recommend the establishment of such centers in every neighborhood By the use of the moot model where neighbors and kin of the disputants listen to the airing of disputes (Christianson, 1998). It is not coercive and allows the disputants to discuss their problems In an atmosphere free from the questions of past fact and guilt. Restitution                   Payment can be made by the offender for a particular amount of dollars for a particular kind of injury and y amount of dollars for another, as in workmen’s compensation or in tort (Gottschalk, 2006). The lawbreaker then is kept in the community and corrects his/her wrong, corrects discomfort and inconvenience of victim, saves community and individual economic and psychic costs of trial etc., reduces role of criminal law (Ekirch, 1987). Fines                   The poor unable to pay fines systematically filled the jails until a supreme court decision in 1971 ruled that an indigent could not be imprisoned upon non- payment of a fine but must be given an opportunity to pay in installments, the wrong doer is then able to stay in the community, saving the state probation expenses, welfare expenses, and the human costs of caging. Suspended sentences                   Used as a mechanism of establishing responsibility for wrong doing without imposing punishment or any supervisory conditions on the wrongdoer , the defendant loses fewer civil right, while probation is likened to suspended sentence, they differ in that probation carries with it the threat of imprisonment, most variations of the suspended sentence require that no law be violated (Blackmon, 2008). It is the least punitive of a range of alternative sentences. Probation                   It is the most commonly accepted and widely used mode of excarceration (Blackmon, 2008). Though mostly used on non- violent crimes, it has been extended to include other homicides and other serious wrongs which usually result in imprisonment. In unsupervised probation, persons would be under no compulsion to report or participate in programs, but could request for help from probation officers in accordance to Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). Question Number 6.                   A comprehensive list of alternative strategies to incarceration with an assessment, both pro and con, showing their worth as related to traditional, incarceration strategies. The predominate purpose this question was asked was to illustrate that there are programs accessible and effective substitutes obtainable instead of incarceration. Some of the famous ones used at present will be described briefly. Development in Early childhood: The Head Start program returns about seven dollars in benefits for every dollar invested (Ayers, 1984). Children born in poverty who attended a head start preschool program have half as many criminal arrests, less likelihood of going to jail, higher earnings and property wealth, and a greater commitment to family than similarly situated people who did not attend the program (Alexander, 2012). Reformation: Where teenagers will get ways to entertain themselves, by breaking windows and drinking liquor if not by playing ball or some other sport (Alexander, 2012). Parks and recreational opportunities like the Midnight Basketball and late night recreation center openings are proven effective at reducing crime (Alexander, 2012). When a pilot program in Phoenix, Arizona, kept recreation centers open until 2 a.m., juvenile crimes decreased by as much as 50%. The cost of the program was kept low at only sixty cents per person (Ayers, 1984). Gang Awareness: Kids often turn to gangs because of the absence of pro-social recreational alternatives. Kids also turn to gangs for a sense of being, something they may not be receiving at home (Ekirch, 1987). Parents sometimes do not take enough time with their children to show them their worth at home, giving them a reason to stay instead of roaming the streets. Most often times, gangs are more destructive to property than to human life (Alexander, 2012). When gangs do turn violent, it is most often times directed at â€Å"rival† gangs or families of the rival gang members. Gangs are a problem, not just in big metropolitan cities, but also in small suburban towns and rural America. Gang problems must be addressed at the first signs of potential activity. Society needs to teach children that gangs are not proper places to gain education and experiences, which should be accomplished more effectively in school and at home (Ayers, 1984). Education: Education is the route to better jobs and a potential way out of crime (Ekirch, 1987). In 1991, for the first time in U.S. history, cities spent more on law enforcement than on education (Alexander, 2012). Jurisdictions around the country are cutting education budgets because they lack sufficient funds, while setting aside funds for law enforcement (Ayers, 1984). 16 Schools that engage parents or caretakers in troubled communities show excellent results. Now, I don’t necessarily agree with cutting back on law enforcement spending (Ekirch, 1987). References Alexander, Michelle (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, New York. Ayers, Edward L. (1984), Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South, New York. Blackmon, Douglas A. (2008), Slavery by another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, New York. Bookspan, Shelley (1991). A Germ of Goodness: The California State Prison System, 1851–1944, Lincoln. Christianson, Scott (1998). With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America, Boston. Ekirch, A. Roger (1987). Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775, Oxford. Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America, Cambridge. Hindus, Michael Stephen (1980). Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878, Chapel Hill. Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America, New Haven Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America, Cambridge. Hindus, Michael Stephen (1980). Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878, Chapel Hill. Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America, New Haven Source document

Bmw Motivation and Reward Systems - 1118 Words

5.0 EFFECT OF REVIEW OF THE PAYMENT SYSTEM ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE APPRAISAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM According to Dailey (2003:4/3), an organisation s performance appraisal system is defined as a process which generates valid information about employee work effectiveness for the purpose of making informed HRM decisions. Organisations must evaluate employee performance for a number of reasons:  · Employees need to understand the behavioural requirements of the job  · Employees work is evaluated for its contributions to company goals  · Employees need to know where they stand within the organization in terms of their performance  · Employees motivation to do a good job is increased by the performance appraisal†¦show more content†¦Goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, resource-based and time-specific (SMART). When goals lack these properties, they have less motivational impact because employees lose interest in them.  · The fourth element indicates that employee commitment and acceptance of goals creates the behavioural intentions to strive for the pre-established goals. Intention is directly related to both properties. Employee intentions are deepened by the clear specification of the relationship between rewards and the goals in question  · The fifth element in the model specifies the employee and organizational outcomes resulting from the process. Properly managed goal-setting systems having adequate and timely formal and informal feedback generate task performance that is valued by the organization and its employees. Employees receive valued personal rewards (recognition, pay rises, bonuses, promotions, status etc), which create job satisfaction, and increased work motivation, which in turn deepens the commitment to goal setting. Table 1.0 Aspects of the goal-setting process Environmental issues Goal Setting process Goal attributes Employee intentions Outcomes Specify results expectedExplain rewards which are availableShow MoreRelatedBmw Culture1069 Words   |  5 Pages2010 1. Describe the culture of BMW. Organizational culture is an idea in the field of Organizational studies. A culture is derived through the individual experiences, attitudes, shared values or common perceptions that are held by each member of an organization.   Organizational culture affects such outcomes as productivity, performance, commitment, self confidence, and ethical behavior.   Within the auto industry, Bavarian Motor Works, or BMW recently chose to create a paradigm shiftRead MoreStrategic Realignment of the Bmw Group1240 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic realignment of the BMW Group announced At the end of September 2007, the BMW Group took on a new strategic direction. Up to the year 2020, the BMW Group intends to strengthen its position within the global premium automobile market by increasing volume of sales to more than two million units per annum. The mission statement is clearly defined: the BMW Group is the world’s leading provider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. This means that in additionRead MoreHitchcock Automotive s Organizational Structure Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesHitchcock Automotive Services owns Puente Hills Toyota, which is a privately held company. In addition, Hitchcock Automotive Services owning Puente Hills Toyota, they also own two other Toyota dealerships, a Volkswagen, Ford, Hyundai, and BMW dealership, all located in California. Puente Hills Toyota (PHT) was a large Toyota dealership with about $85 million in annual sales. PHT has 145 employees and was awarded several excellent performance awards, along with the Toyota’s President Award forRead MoreCase Study : Puente Hills Toyota Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesHitchcock Automotive Services owns Puente Hills Toyota (PHT), which is a privately held company. In addition to, Hitchcock Automotive Services owning Puente Hills Toyota, they also own two other Toyota dealerships, a Volkswagen, Ford, Hyundai, and BMW dealership, all located in California. Puente Hills Toyota was a lar ge Toyota dealership with about $85 million in annual sales. PHT employs around 145 employees and was awarded several excellent performance awards, including the Toyota’s PresidentRead MoreThe Impact Of Scientific Management On Non Managerial Workers1634 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore then they hardly had any interaction with one another this meant that performing tasks took much longer due to the decision making process. Taylor believed that people were motivated by nothing more than money, which is when the piece rate system was introduced. This impact on the employees meant that it go either way, on one hand employees would want to do more work which would be what managers would want. Which means that employees were paid extra according to their level of output and paidRead MoreIndustry Profile Of The Automotive Industry1321 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction volume of more than 3.9 million units. At present, Indian automotive industry is flooded with major domestic manufactu res such as Tata motors, Maruti Udyog, MM, Ashok Leyland, and global players Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, and Datsun. Ashok Leyland Company Profile: Ashok Leyland is an exclusively heavy vehicle manufacturing company founded in the year 1948. It is one of India’s biggest producers of heavy vehicles such as trucksRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesgets others upset. Hank Moody overall is high in extroversion. The first approach I would like to address is the psychoanalytic approach, created by Freud. It focuses on early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind, and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we aren’t aware of, and that we cannot access. Freud relates psychosexual development to being a story of how libido, mental energy, is applied and distributed to an individual’s life over time. It explains how the oral, analRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Bmw Group4146 Words   |  17 PagesStrategic analysis of the BMW Group ABSTRACT The BMW Group is a leading manufacturer within the premium segment of motor vehicles. This report analyzes the strategy of the company and evaluates it with regards to long-term valuecreation as well as sustainability. The strategy is broken down into a strategy map of four different perspectives; Financial, Customer, Internal and Learning and Growth perspective. Within these perspectives, the strategic objectives are defined and analyzed. From the strategyRead MoreThe Urgent Question of How to Motivate Employees1046 Words   |  4 Pagescompetently. This report presents an example of motivation plan that focused on increasing job satisfaction, enhancing productivity and quality of goods and services and reducing employee turnover. Moreover, the most efficient ways to motivate employees are proposed. In addition, this assignment provides managers with information regarding importance or teamwork. Finally, effective practical strategies are recommended. â€Æ' 2. An Organization Motivation Plan To make successful plan, managers shouldRead MoreInnovation Management in the Automotive Design Manufacturing Industry13590 Words   |  55 Pagescan also help cut costs along with raising profits. Effective innovation allows for new opportunities and may lead companies getting a larger market share and may even break companies into new markets. Good innovation can also increase employee motivation and moral creating an efficient working environment. However having a good idea doesn’t mean a company is innovative, making the idea work effectively so that it brings value to the business is successful innovation. Furthermore innovation can