Pediophobia or the Fear of Dolls

Pediophobia or the Fear of Dolls Phobias Types Print Pediophobia: The Fear of Dolls By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on January 19, 2020 Westend61 / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Pediophobia, or the fear of dolls, is relatively common. It is believed to be a type of automatonophobia, or fear of humanoid figures. Some people are afraid of all dolls and stuffed toys, while others fear only a specific type. Dolls that talk or move and old-fashioned china dolls are especially common targets of fear. Pediophobia and Children Many parents want their children, especially little girls, to love dolls. They may become distressed if their child screams or cries when a doll is presented. It is important to keep in mind, though, that small children are just learning to separate fantasy from reality. A doll, which appears to be human but is not, can be terrifying to a child who does not yet understand the concept. Therefore, like most phobias, pediophobia is not diagnosed in children unless it has persisted for more than six months. Of course, if your child’s fear is severe or inconsolable, it is important to ask for the advice of the child’s doctor. Pediophobia in Pop Culture The fear of dolls has been heavily exploited in pop culture settings, ranging from movies to Halloween events. In most of these occurrences, the premise is that a seemingly harmless doll has become a sentient being bent on destruction. Whether this happens through magical spells or random chance, the net result is the same: a child’s plaything has become deadly. These films tap a primal fear that may be one of the roots of pediophobia; the fear of the silent killer. In a world filled with threats, ranging from bioterrorism to tainted spinach, it is common to worry that something we cannot recognize as dangerous could lead to our destruction. This is one of the basic fears present in doomsday phobias and exploited in Hollywood films, such as Without Warning. List of Phobias, From the Strange to the Common Diagnosis Since pediophobia may be linked to a range of other fears, it is important that only a trained professional attempt to make a diagnosis. Your therapist will ask direct questions that are designed to help you clarify exactly what you fear. You can, however, prepare for your visit by making a list of your specific triggers. Are you afraid of all dolls or only certain types? Have you always been afraid or can you pinpoint when the fear began? Do you have other fears that may or may not be related? Gathering as much information as you can ahead of your visit can assist your therapist in making an accurate diagnosis. Treatment Pediophobia is easily treatable. Depending on the exact nature of your fear, a range of talk therapy styles may be appropriate. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most common for those with a specific phobia, as it is both time-limited and effective. It is not the only choice, though. Another type of therapy that may be helpful is exposure therapy because it helps you get used to the presence of dolls by repeated exposure to them, which can help reduce or get rid of your fear altogether.

The World Social Forum Writing Assignment Paper - 825 Words

The World Social Forum Writing Assignment Paper (Coursework Sample) Content: Students NameProfessors NameCourse TitleSubmission DateThe World Social ForumThe World Social Forum (WSF) is a global social movement that embodies the tenets of a worldwide civil society out to champion the rights of the socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in the developing countries from the effect of globalization and capitalism. The WSF first held its annual meeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil and has expanded to and continued to hold such annual events around different capital cities of the developing countries around the world. The main impetus of the forum is to champion a self-conscious and an alternative course of socioeconomic and political empowerment different from capitalism. Therefore, the movement has endeavored with the mission through a joint and collaborative efforts with nongovernmental organizations, formal and informal social movements in the developing countries, and lobbyists groups with the goal of seeking international solidarity. However, through the years, there has been growing concerns of the questionable direction the forum has been taking and some critics have termed it as a diversion of the movements original ideals. Moreover, critics argue that the WSF is heavily politicized basing in the manner different groups having represented within the organization and this continues to perpetuate gender disparity racial tension from the beginning.Internal politics, the conflicts of interest, and the underrepresentation of different groups of people continues to shape the way in which women and some racial minorities are given space during the annual events. Teivainen (626) notes that the gender and racial tensions have created and continue to cause internal conflicts which have been part of the movement following its inception. As much as Brazil may create a positive image of the existing harmonious ethnic heterogeneity, racism is a daunting issue that still permeates the society across Brazilians of all walks of life. Institutionalized racism exists within the progressive intellectual ranks in the Brazilian society and the middle class white people dominate and occupy the high status high up the social hierarchy. Observers and critics have argued that most of WSF are predominantly graced by white males who are a far-cry from the typical Brazilian citizen participation in the event (Teivainen 626). Interestingly, the perceived whiteness of the participants in the forum does not result from the lack of delegates and representatives from Africa, India, Asia, other parts of Latin America, and the Caribbean but even the majority of individuals representing Brazil at these events happen to be middle class whites. Therefore, from the perspective of an organization whose mission is to empower the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups against the psychopathic nature of multinational corporations in the wake of globalization, the WSF has terribly failed in social inclusion.In yet another event, the auton omous nature of WSF continues to raise questions owing to the heavy presence of representatives of the Cuban government and the Revolutionary Forces of Columbia in 2001. The goal of the WSF was for global grassroot transformation through changing the lives of the socioeconomically disadvantaged communities largely marginalized by the political regimes in their countries or exploited by global corporate expansion and was not supposed to assume a political agenda. However, the heavy presence of the Cuban government officials. According to Teivainen (626), the open disapproval of the Cuban government officials presence did not come from the forum representatives but from the local press outside the event. In 2002, the annual event was held in Brazil coinciding with the general elections in the country and the Cuban representatives appeared in the country in large numbers. Teivainen (626) notes that, Cuban influence over the event was apparent as many representatives for the participati ng organizations adorned Che Guevaras paraphernalia in the event. The presence of government officials is an indication of the overwhelming political and ideology movement to counteract other dominant ideologies and this is a contradiction to the agenda and goals of the organization. Although the WSF was formed to champion the rights of the marginalized communities in the developing countries and cushion such people from the negative effects of capitalism, the movement was never intended to be a political or ideological movement with the goal of perpetuating criticism for the global capitalism.Moreover, during the first WSF meeting, the Armed Revolutionary Forces of Columbia guerillas ...

Capital Punishment Death Penalty - 3050 Words

Capital Punishment: Capital Punishment also known as Death Penalty, is used as a means of executing someone that has committed a certain crime. These crimes include murder, rape, treason and terrorist attacks. This is the last resort prosecutors look at depending on the crime. There are currently 31 US states where capital punishment is currently allowed by the federal government and the U.S. military. The United States only had 28 executions in 2015. That is the lowest number since 1991. (CNN library). Lethal injection is the primary method in executions. Texas became the first state in 1982 to achieve this method. Right now, it is difficult for states to acquire this lethal drug due to manufactures refusing to sell for the only†¦show more content†¦Is it not our duty to follow through and abide by all rules? Immanuel Kant based his moral theory on humans. There should be no remorse or consequences if a person is carrying out their duty. According to Kant, â€Å"morally permissible actions are those actions that could be willed by all rational individuals in the circumstances. The important part of his conception for the moral status of animals is his reliance on the notion of willing. While both animals and human beings have desires that can compel them to action, only human beings are capable of standing back from their desires and choosing which course of action to take.† (Wilson). After reading this, it is obvious human beings that are on death row cannot step back from their desire to commit a crime. If someone is capable of this, why do we have in explosion of inmates in the United States of America? According to Kant, an individual should be put to death but only when that person murdered someone. We should not kill people for no reason. (Kant death penalty). Here are examples of where the judicial system failed individuals who were innocent on death roll: Currently there have been 158 freed from death roll since 1973. Samuel A. Poole, was convicted in North Carolina in 1973. He was sent to death row after being found guilty of first degree burglary. Due to the lack of evidence, his case was thrown out and he became a free man in 1974. (Death penalty info). The Florida ConvictionShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

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Did a Florida Man Really Die From a Brown Recluse Bite

Is it possible that a brown recluse spider bit a man in Florida and that he died as a result? Anything is possible. But most spider experts met this news story with skepticism, and rightfully so. Florida Man Dies from Brown Recluse Spider Bite A 62-year-old Lakeland, FL man named Ronald Reese was renovating an old house in August 2013. He told his family that in the course of tearing down the walls and ceiling, he was bitten on the back of his neck by a spider. The next day, he was so ill he had difficulty getting out of bed. Over a 6-month period, his health declined rapidly. He developed an abscess at the site of the alleged bite, became partially paralyzed, and suffered from pneumonia. On February 16th, 2014,  he died. News reports attributed his death to a brown recluse spider bite. Was It a Confirmed Brown Recluse Spider or Not? The mans 89-year-old father, Bill Reese, is quoted as saying the spider was a brown recluse. In the dozens of news articles I read about the case, there was not a single mention of how this spider was identified as a brown recluse. It doesnt appear that anyone saved the spider, nor was the spider sent to an arachnologist for identification. Its not even clear that Bill Reese ever saw the spider himself, and Mr. Reese doesnt claim any  arachnology credentials. Several years ago, Rick Vetter of UC-Riversides Entomology Department offered a challenge to the brown recluse fearing public. He asked people to send him spiders they believed to be brown recluses for identification. After analyzing and identifying 1,779 arachnids submitted from 49 U.S. states, Vetter reported that only 4 brown recluse spiders were identified from outside their known established range. Vetter also notes that of 200 spiders sent to his office by the public during a media-induced brown recluse scare, not a single specimen was actually a brown recluse. So could Ronald or Bill Reese accurately identify a brown recluse spider if they saw one? Maybe, but its doubtful. People often think they know what a brown recluse looks like, but studies show most people wouldnt know a brown recluse if it bit them (which is exactly my point). According to the various news reports, Polk County Medical Examiner Stephen Nelson stated that no tests were performed on Mr. Reese to confirm that he had brown recluse venom in his body. The Medical Examiner concluded Mr. Reeses death was the result of an unintentional injury due to spider envenomation or complications from a spider bite. He did not specify that Mr. Reese died as a result of brown recluse envenomation or complications from a brown recluse bite.  Dr. Nelson noted that Ronald Reeses medical records indicated he was being treated for complications from a spider bite wound on his neck. If a patient is admitted to a hospital and tells his doctors that a spider bit him just before the onset of his symptoms, his medical record will reflect that, but it doesnt mean thats what actually happened. Brown recluse bites are over reported and misdiagnosed by the medical community, and doctors are no less susceptible to the brown recluse hysteria than other people. There is no reported evidence to show that anyone confirmed the identity of the spider in question, or that anyone tested for the presence of Loxosceles venom. Brown Recluse Spiders Dont Live in This Area So, is it likely or even probable  that a man living in Lakeland, Florida would encounter a brown recluse spider in the course of renovating a home?  Lakeland is well outside of the established range of Loxosceles reclusa. Brown recluse spiders do sometimes stow away in moving boxes and are occasionally identified in locations outside their normal range. At least one news reporter interviewed Dr. Logan Randolph, a biology professor at Polk State College, and Dr. Randolph did state that brown recluse spiders are often carried into the state. However, William Kern, Jr. (University of Florida Associate Professor of Urban Entomology) commented on the Ledger.coms coverage of the case  that he has been identifying spiders for the Florida public since 1984, and has never once seen a brown recluse in the state.  Although it is within the realm of possibility that a brown recluse spider could be found in a house in Lakeland, it is highly improbable. Did Brown Recluse Venom Kill Ronald Reese? Lets assume, despite the lack of proof, that Ronald Reese was indeed bitten by a brown recluse spider. Its still not clear that Ronald Reeses health issues and subsequent death  were the result of exposure to Loxosceles venom. News reports state that the bite wound on the back of Reeses neck became infected. An abscess formed and pushed against his spinal cord. Any insect or spider bite can become infected, particularly if its not cleaned properly or if the victim has secondary health issues that make him more susceptible to infections. Brown recluse bites, in the unusual  instances when they do occur, are rarely fatal. When interviewed about the case, biologist Logan Randolph noted In most spider bites, complications arise mostly if theres some secondary factor. If the person has a specific allergic reaction, if their health was compromised in some other manner, or if the bite causes an open wound with a secondary infection. While the chain of events leading to Ronald Reeses death may have started with a spider bite, and possibly even a brown recluse spider bite, its important to state the facts clearly when reporting on such cases. No reports on this case provide proof that a brown recluse spider was involved, or that Loxosceles venom caused Mr. Reeses rapid decline. What we do know is that Mr. Reese developed a lethal infection that impacted his nervous system, and that this infection may have started with an untreated spider bite wound. Theres No Proof That a Florida Man Died from a Brown Recluse Bite The media reports on the death of Ronald Reese of Lakeland, FL fail to provide conclusive proof that he was killed as the direct result of a brown recluse spider bite. Without professional identification of the spider that bit him, and without toxicological evidence of Loxosceles venom in his system, its advisable to be skeptical that this death can be attributed to a brown recluse bite.    Selected media links about  this case: Man ignored fatal brown recluse bite, 23 ABC News, Bakersfield, CA, February 28, 2014. Accessed online March 3, 2014.Fla authorities report rare death from spider bite, Miami Herald via Associated Press, February 27, 2014.  Accessed online March 3, 2014.Spider Bite Kills Florida Man, by  Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience.com, February 28, 2014.  Accessed online March 3, 2014.Brown Recluse Spider Bite Blamed in Lakeland Mans Death, by Stephanie Allen, The Ledger, February 26, 2014. Accessed online March 3, 2014.Spider bite blamed in Lakeland mans death, by Stephanie Allen, Daytona Beach News-Journal, February 27, 2014. Accessed online March 3, 2014. Disclaimer: The author is not a medical doctor or health care professional. The author did not examine Ronald Reeses medical records, nor read the coroners report about his death. The authors analysis of this case is strictly limited to the details reported by the news media, and  whether this information seems accurate in light of what is known about brown recluse spiders, their biology, and their range.

Sympathizing with Brutus of William Shakespeares Julius...

Sympathizing with Brutus of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is an interesting and complex play based on historical events that took place in Rome in 44 BC. The plot revolves around the assassination of Julius Caesar by his closest friend- Marcus Brutus, and Marc Antonys attempt to avenge his death. The play portrays many important themes that are still relevant in todays society like the struggle for political power; love and friendship; the fallibility of men; and the fickleness of common people. Despite the title of the play, Brutus is the main character, and the most important in the group of conspirators that murder Julius Caesar. The†¦show more content†¦However, one might argue that that foretelling Caesar to be a tyrant is deeply flawed and wrong. How can Brutus be so sure that Caesar will become a tyrant? There is no way that Brutus can be one hundred percent sure. One would say Brutus argument is very weak and there was insufficient evidence pointing to any form of tyrannical behaviour from Caesar thus the killing of Caesar completely unjustified. Brutus is a considerate and honourable man because of his patriotism towards Rome and their people. Throughout the whole play, his intentions are for the goodness of Rome - à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer - not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more. He killed Caesar because of his concerns for Rome, and everything that he did was for the benefit of someone else. Even Marc Antony still recognised Brutus as the noblest Roman of them all. After his death he says This was the noblest Roman of them all; all the conspirators save only he did that they did in envy of great Caesar; he, only, in a general honest thought and common good to all... Anthony is basically saying that everyone in the conspiracy except Brutus killed Caesar out of jealousy. But Brutus killed Caesar because of his worry for theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Caesar and Cleopatras Affair on Calpurnia2928 Words   |  12 PagesIsra Mahmood BA English Hons II – B 599 Paper IV Project The Effects of the Affair of Caesar and Cleopatra on Calpurnia ------------------------------------------------- Introduction After Hatshepsut, Cleopatra was the only Queen of Egypt who was seriously referred to as â€Å"Pharaoh†. The torrid love affair between one of the highest regarded Queens in history and that of the phenomenal Julius Caesar is considered to be one of the most romantic and grand ones in the world. Cecil B. Demille seems to

Critical Appraisal of Life Cycle Assessment Free Essays

Having an understanding of environmental sustainability of the complete life cycle of products and services Is becoming Imperative for organizations so they can comply with environmental standards and to meet the growing public expectation regarding the organization’s role in managing their environmental impacts. But this is a complex matter and this essay critically appraises Life Cycle Assessment (LLC) as a tool to provide decision-making support in improving production processes in order to minimizes their environmental Impacts. The definition of LLC, a review of its application In Industry and advantages will be discussed first to form a basis for Its critical evaluation. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Appraisal of Life Cycle Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usefulness of this tool and Its potential Limitations and weaknesses in terms of applicability, standardization, cost, complexity and requirements of expertise will be considered. As an example, the role of LLC in improving the environmental impact of milk production system will be used. In literature LLC Is defined as a systematic approach to analyses the environmental burden through the whole life cycle of a specific product or service that In turn helps o reduce that environmental burden by triggering areas of Improvement so that better technologies, product materials and process options can then be adopted (Roy et al. 2009; ISO 1997, AAA; The Finnish Environment Institute, 2010). To critically appraise LLC it is imperative to see its application in a specific sector so milk production Is considered. Milk production Involves live stock, agriculture, dairy farming, dairy packaging and distribution (Household et al. , 2003). These systems are highly inter-related and their combined effect is very complex for the LLC first phase of boundary allocation. Milk is not produced in isolation but production of cheese, court and butter is also uses the similar inventory and production system that make it difficult to identify the system boundaries (Hospice et al. 2003). Multi-product system and difficulty of LLC in allocation of system boundaries Is also discussed by Warden et al. (2012) that relates the outcomes of LLC with allocation. In studies, contribute to transportation, packaging waste and CA emissions respectively (Thomas et al. , 2008). Roy et al. (2009) declare LLC as useful tool for various food industries that helps to reduce environmental load by suggesting alternate reduction, processing, packaging, and distribution and consumption patterns. LLC also provides quantitative information that ultimately helps to provide stakeholders with information about company steps that have been practically taken to minimizes the environmental impacts of their production activities (Roy et al. , 2009). However there are various issues like generalization of LLC results, its cost and time intensiveness, the required expertise, difficulties in allocation of system boundaries and lack of standardization in its methodology that are imperative to resolve before adopting this methodology (Reap et al, 2008). The complex interacting nature of the environment and highly different environmental scenarios in different industries and countries also affect the usefulness of LLC. For example, in a review by Rossi (2004) of the LLC of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic across its lifestyle found that LLC quantitative methodology is highly subjective to data collection which can mislead the outcomes and in toxic chemical determination LLC is cannot provide accurate measurement. This implies that pesticides, antibiotics and detergents should be carefully analyses as part of the farm impacts and should be considered as a ‘hot spot’ in milk production (Hogwash Aide, 2002). Defining functional units is very important and errors can arise due to assigning functional units to multiple functions and when handling non-quantifiable functions (Cooper, 2003). However in milk production functional units are quantifiable but not standardized across various studies so that it is difficult to compare different results (Gao, 2012; Hogwash Aide, 2002). Similarly, boundary selection is subjective that could lead to less confidence in comparative studies of LLC (Such et al. , 2004). For example, in milk production if the packaging waste and the production of feed at the arm is ignored, that can generate highly different findings regarding environmental impacts. Omitting social and economic considerations in defining the goal and scope of LLC has also brought criticism that technical improvements cannot remove the need to make socially influenced decisions (Reap et al. , 2008). Therefore the lack of environmental and economic integration in LLC methodology can miss opportunities or limit the influence of LLC in decision making, especially in private sector (Norris, 2001). To conclude, despite the limitations and inability of LLC to incorporate social and economic factors in relation to product life cycle assessment, it is still a useful and highly established and adopted methodology for the analysis of environmental impacts. However it is difficult to implement LLC in small scale firms due to its cost, time intensive nature and required expertise in executing LLC. Standardization of methodologies and generalization of results is also a natural flaw in this approach due to highly different environmental condition and technological use by organizations. However in milk production, LLC as been very successfully applied in any countries as it allows boundaries to be set and also the selection of functional widely used in the whole dairy industry and results are being used to minimizes the environmental impacts especially when selecting chemicals, packaging, transport and feeding. Finally, it is concluded that there are no other alternative highly established methods of finding a product or services environmental impacts than LLC but economic and social considerations should be involved in this process to make it more useful in improving environmental impacts. How to cite Critical Appraisal of Life Cycle Assessment, Essays